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In 1878, Eadweard Muybridge eventually managed to take a series of photographs of a running horse with a battery of cameras in a line along the track and published the results as The Horse in Motion on cabinet cards. His chronophotographic works can be regarded as very short movies that were recorded before there was a proper way to replay the material in motion.īy the late 1850s the first examples of instantaneous photography came about and provided hope that motion photography would soon be possible, but it took a few decades before it was successfully combined with a method to record series of sequential images in real-time.
One Bïoscope disc with stereoscopic photographs of a machine is in the Plateau collection of the Ghent University, but no instruments or other discs have yet been found.Īn animated GIF of a photographic sequence shot by Eadweard Muybridge in 1887. In 1852, Jules Duboscq patented such an instrument as the "Stéréoscope-fantascope, ou Bïoscope", but he only marketed it very briefly, without success. In 1849, Joseph Plateau published about the idea to combine his invention of the phénakisticope with the stereoscope, as suggested to him by stereoscope inventor Charles Wheatstone, and to use photographs of plaster sculptures in different positions to be animated in the combined device. The advent of stereoscopic photography, with early experiments in the 1840s and commercial success since the early 1850s, raised interest in completing the photographic medium with the addition of means to capture colour and motion. At least as early as 1844, photographic series of subjects posed in different positions have been created to either suggest a motion sequence or to document a range of different viewing angles. Photography was introduced in 1839, but initially photographic emulsions needed such long exposures that the recording of moving subjects seemed impossible. Jules Duboscq marketed phénakisticope projection systems in France from circa 1853 until the 1890s. The stroboscopic animation principle was introduced in 1833 with the stroboscopic disc (better known as the phénakisticope) and later applied in the zoetrope (since 1866), the flip book (since 1868), and the praxinoscope (since 1877), before it became the basic principle for cinematography.Įxperiments with early phénakisticope-based animation projectors were made at least as early as 1843 and publicly screened in 1847. In early years, the word sheet was sometimes used instead of screen.Īnimated GIF of Prof. Archaic terms include "animated pictures" and "animated photography".Ĭommon terms for the field in general include the big screen, the silver screen, the movies, and cinema the last of these is commonly used, as an overarching term, in scholarly texts and critical essays. The most common term in the United States is movie, while in Europe film is preferred. Many other terms exist for an individual motion-picture, including picture, picture show, moving picture, photoplay, and flick. The name "film" originally referred to the thin layer of photochemical emulsion on the celluloid strip that used to be the actual medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. An analogous optical soundtrack (a graphic recording of the spoken words, music and other sounds) runs along a portion of the film exclusively reserved for it, and was not projected.Ĭontemporary films are usually fully digital through the entire process of production, distribution, and exhibition. The apparent motion on the screen is the result of the fact that the visual sense cannot discern the individual images at high speeds, so the impressions of the images blend with the dark intervals and are thus linked together to produce the illusion of one moving image.
A rotating shutter causes stroboscopic intervals of darkness, but the viewer does not notice the interruptions due to flicker fusion. The images are transmitted through a movie projector at the same rate as they were recorded, with a Geneva drive ensuring that each frame remains still during its short projection time. The moving images of a film are created by photographing actual scenes with a motion-picture camera, by photographing drawings or miniature models using traditional animation techniques, by means of CGI and computer animation, or by a combination of some or all of these techniques, and other visual effects.īefore the introduction of digital production, series of still images were recorded on a strip of chemically sensitized celluloid ( photographic film stock), usually at the rate of 24 frames per second. 3.7 1950s: growing influence of television.
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